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PolitiFact Florida: Do killer whales live as long at SeaWorld as in the wild? (w/video)

 
Published March 30, 2015

More and more, critics are making the case that keeping killer whales in captivity is harmful to the animals and dangerous for the people who train them. SeaWorld, the theme park that showcases the trained whales, is now fighting back.

A new ad, part of a multimedia blitz for the company, is headlined, "Fact: Whales live as long at SeaWorld," and it is written in the voice of Chris Dold, a SeaWorld veterinarian. The ad, which has appeared in the Tampa Bay Times, takes specific aim at criticism leveled by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, an animal-rights group that has been among the theme park company's biggest critics. Here's a portion of the ad's text:

"You might have heard attacks from PETA saying our killer whales live only a fraction as long as whales in the wild. They say, 'In captivity, orcas' average life-span plummets to just nine years.' But the author of an independent study, Dr. Douglas DeMaster, of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, was quoted in the Wall Street Journal as saying, 'Survival in the wild is comparable to survival in captivity.' There's no other way to say it . . . PETA is not giving you the facts."

PETA, meanwhile, pushed back against the ad's conclusions, citing the average age of whales that have died since 1965. According to PETA's documentation of captive whale deaths, the average age of death is 12 years old for SeaWorld's female orcas, which are expected to survive in the wild for about 50 years. For males, which are expected to survive in the wild for 30 years, the average age of death is 16.

SeaWorld currently has in its care several whales in their 30s and one in its 40s.

Keeping whales in captivity is a complicated issue, and the critical 2013 documentary Blackfish has brought more attention to it. Clearly, longevity is just one factor, and it isn't the same thing as the quality of the whales' daily lives. Here, though, we wanted to drill down on SeaWorld's specific claim that the whales at their parks live just as long as they do in the wild.

We posed SeaWorld's claim to DeMaster, the scientist quoted in the ad. He's the science director of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, an office of the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Most of the independent experts we contacted agreed that DeMaster is the key scientist to ask about this issue.

DeMaster said SeaWorld is correct — "as long as you use data from 2005 to 2013." (PETA's data, by contrast, goes back 40 more years.)

On three occasions — in 1988, 1995 and 2013 — DeMaster has compiled data that comprehensively compared survival among captive and wild marine mammals.

In the 1988 and 1995 papers, DeMaster found differences in the survival rates of marine mammals, including killer whales (also called orcas), depending on whether they lived in the wild or in captivity. The 1995 paper, for instance, found that captive orcas had a 94 percent chance of surviving to the next year in captivity, compared to 98 percent in the wild.

That changed by the time DeMaster completed his latest research, in 2013. By then, he found, the annual survival rate for both captive and noncaptive killer whales had converged at 98 percent.

"According to recent information there was an improvement in the annual survival rate, to quite close to what you might see in the wild," DeMaster told PolitiFact.

An Associated Press analysis also cited in the SeaWorld ad — which is based on the same data DeMaster used, the federal government's Marine Mammal Inventory Report — found that the average life expectancy for a killer whale born at SeaWorld is 46 years, which it said is close to the 49-year average life expectancy of a wild orca.

So SeaWorld has support for its claim. But the company glosses over some important caveats.

• Merely reaching parity with wild populations isn't necessarily a major achievement. Simple logic would suggest several reasons why marine mammals should live longer in captivity. Captive animals don't have to worry about predators, food shortages, fishing nets or pollution, and they're given nutritional supplements, vaccines and veterinary care.

• The ad focuses on longevity, not survival rates; those are different statistics. The ad's headline refers to how long whales live, and the text uses terms like "life span" and "life expectancy." But those are different things than the statistic favorable to SeaWorld that DeMaster used.

Many experts, including DeMaster, told PolitiFact that annual survival rates are better measurements than longevity. Whales have not been in captivity long enough to know whether they are able to live a full-length life in that setting, DeMaster told PolitiFact. They've only been in captivity since the 1960s.

Jaap van der Toom, a Dutch biologist who has studied marine mammals, has made a similar point. "Longevity is basically an incidental finding: it is determined by the oldest animal you find in your sample," he has written. "You can only determine the longevity of a group of animals after all the members of that group have died."

• The data on wild orca populations is sparse. There are data on whale life spans from the Pacific Northwest, but there are orcas all over the world and there's no guarantee that all of them have similar life spans and survival rates.

The statement is partially accurate but leaves out important details, so we rate it Half True.

Edited for print. Read the full version at PolitiFact.com/florida.